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From River to Shining Sea: Support for Palestinian Liberation in Native America

Dr. Iqbal
REL-131: Islam
December 10, 2024

Introduction

On Thursday, November 23, 2023, during the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City, which is broadcasted on television each year to millions of Americans, a Mashpee Wampanoag man raised a Palestinian flag above his head when cameras began recording the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe’s float. As the Tribe’s float rolled down the street, the camera operators attempted to pan away from the man and his flag and instead focus on the other tribal citizens present. When the Mashpee man’s actions made both regional and national news, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe released an official statement describing the action as the work of an individual and not a representation of the Tribe’s involvement with the man’s decision to raise the Palestinian flag. Their official statement did not mention the word “Palestine” or even describe his action as raising a flag. It also did not contain any commentary on the events motivating the Mashpee man to raise the Palestinian flag while being broadcasted on national television. Instead, the statement explained how the Tribe is “focused on the issues [they] face on [their] ancestral homeland” – land comprising a small part of the United States, or Native America.

Books

November 23, 2023, the date of the 2023 Thanksgiving holiday and Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, marked 47 days, or 1 month and 16 days, since the events of October 7, 2023. On October 7, the Palestinian militant group Hamas launched an invasion of and attack on the State of Israel. The attack resulted in the deaths of 1,139 Israeli people and the abduction of around 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers – abducted with the explicit intention of exchanging them with Palestinians imprisoned in Israel. While tens of countries around the world described the attack as an act of terrorism, the context and history in which the attack took place were not often included in those descriptions. While it is true the attack was unexpected, violent, and cruel, the calculated and horrific history behind Israel’s occupation of the Palestinian territories cannot be unnamed. By shifting both American and global understanding of the events of October 7 as existing in isolation to recognizing the place they hold within a long-standing history of oppression of Palestinian people and identity, it becomes possible to examine the reasons behind these acts of violence. Since October 7, 2023, Israel has maintained an ongoing attack on the Gaza Strip and Palestinian people. Their response to October 7 is more than disproportionate to the violence committed by Hamas. Israel’s attack has consisted of bombings, the destruction of essential infrastructure, and the removal of vital resources, which have all culminated in the largest amount of casualties in war experienced by Palestinians in the entire history of conflict between Israel and Palestine. In a couple of months over a single year, more than 40,000 Palestinian people living in Gaza have been killed, and over half of those lives belonged to women and children.

The holiday backing the annual Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade is rooted in history depicting the relationship between the English settlers who emigrated in the 1620s from England to what is now the state of Massachusetts and the Wampanoag Native Americans they encountered after arriving. Thanksgiving traces its roots back to the year 1621 in Plymouth, Massachusetts, when the Pilgrims showed their gratitude for a successful harvest during a feast they shared with the Wampanoags, who had helped them survive the previous winter through providing them with food. Since 1621, Thanksgiving has been celebrated in what is now the United States in various capacities before becoming an official holiday in 1863. For white Americans descended from the English or otherwise European settlers who came to what became the United States, Thanksgiving is a holiday about feasting and showing gratitude, and its story began hundreds of years ago when food and friendship were served at the tables shared between the English and the Wampanoags. For the Wampanoags, other Native Americans, and all who are interested in learning the truth of America’s history, the image perpetuated by the story of Thanksgiving in Plymouth creates a dissonance when compared with the reality of what has happened to Native American people in the United States. Today, multiple Native American communities support calling Thanksgiving “Thankstaking.” In changing the second half of the world from “giving” to “taking,” the focus is shifted from the gratitude Americans are supposed to feel to conversations about the concept of “taking.” In this instance, taking is referred to the losses of life, culture, development, land, sovereignty, health, and freedom experienced by Native Americans at the hands of white Europeans for hundreds of years after 1621. Native Americans lived in peace and in health on the land in Native America for at least thousands of years, if not for as long as time itself can be counted, before Europeans arrived on it. After European arrival, Native Americans experienced mass death from infection and disease, enslavement, cultural oppression, forced assimilation into white society, forced removal from homelands, indoctrination, and overall inability to engage with various traditions, such as language and religion. In talking about this history, it becomes possible to take away parts of the invisibility capable of keeping these forms of oppression alive for so long. Exposing the real history is one form of taking the power and putting it back in the hands of Native Americans.

November is an important month for Native Americans. It contains the holiday of Thanksgiving, and in 1990, it was declared National American Indian or Native American Heritage Month. In 2008, a law was passed in the United States which made the Friday after Thanksgiving National Native American Heritage Day. In 2024, National Native American Heritage Day was on Friday, November 29. The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People is also held each year on November 29. The date of November 29 is significant because it is the anniversary of Resolution 181, which attempted to create an independent Arab state and an independent Jewish state in Palestine.

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Jennie Augusta Brownscombe, Thanksgiving at Plymouth, 1925; National Museum of Women in the Arts

Although they are not the exact same, and claiming they are would diminish the integrity and struggle of each respective issue, the experiences of Palestinians and the experiences of Native Americans have numerous similarities. While they are both oppressed peoples of the past and present world, the specific context capturing how they got to where they are is also based on several of the same problems and questions. In fact, the basis for the struggles faced by these two groups is in racism itself. Both Palestinians and Native Americans have been oppressed by structures of settler colonialism, Zionism and manifest destiny, and racism and resistance.

Settler Colonialism

Palestinians and Native Americans have both suffered under structures of settler colonialism. According to The New York Times article “What Is ‘Settler Colonialism’?” settler colonialism is “a form of colonialism in which the existing inhabitants of a territory are displaced by settlers who claim land and establish a permanent society where their privileged status is enshrined in law” (Schuessler 2024). In Berdal Aral’s “Israel’s Fateful March: From Settler Colonialism to Genocidal State” article, Israel is described as being the last “remaining apartheid state in the world” (Aral 191) and “a major instrument of imperialist hegemony in the Arab and…Muslim world” (Aral 192). In order to maintain its control over and subjugation of Palestinians, Israel will go to extreme lengths to commit and enforce violence. Aral also explains how, despite claims about the attack Israel has launched on Gaza since October 7 as being self-defense, “an occupying power has no right of self-defense against those who are under military occupation” (Aral 183). In Jeffrey Ostler and Karl Jacoby’s “After 1776: Native Nations, Settler Colonialism, and the Meaning of America” article, the authors describe how “the US was built on stolen lands and…this process of dispossession involved genocide” (Ostler and Jacoby 324). Through the creation of an intentional settler society, the United States expanded and stole almost the entirety of land lived on by Native Americans, and they were then forced to live on designated reservations where they had little control over their natural environment. Therefore, both Israel and the United States have enforced settler colonialism in their violent processes of exerting control over Palestinians and Native Americans.

In The Press

Manifest Destiny and Zionism

Zionism and manifest destiny, two ideologies which have supported much of the violence enacted through Israel and the United States’ settler colonialist policies, are behind a significant amount of the oppression experienced by Palestinians and Native Americans. In Samir Abed-Rabbo’s “Herzl’s Zionism and Settler Colonialism in Palestine,” Abed-Rabbo traces the history of Zionism from its inception with Theodor Herzl. Zionism was born in the 1880s out of the idea of Jewish people achieving full cultural and political development through living in their own land. As Abed-Rabbo explains the beginnings of Zionism, he describes how Herzl’s plan was intended to be colonialist: “Herzl had no illusion…he was running a colonial scheme to colonize a non-European land” (Abed-Rabbo 10). Furthermore, there is a religious basis to Zionism similar to the ideas of divine providence and predestination. Abed-Rabbo explains how the “covenant between the Jewish God and the biblical figure Abraham whereby this God awards him and his offspring the land of Canaan (Palestine)” (Abed-Rabbo 11) has been used to uphold Zionist beliefs. Through the attribution of God to Zionism and the violence inflicted on Palestinians, God becomes reduced “to any entity that justifies colonialism, ethnic cleansing, apartheid, and genocide” (Abed-Rabbo 12).

Bio

The American ideology of manifest destiny has a similar history and similar use to Zionism. American editor John O’Sullivan was the first to use the phrase “manifest destiny” in 1845. In O’Sullivan’s 1839 “The Great Nation of Futurity” essay, O’Sullivan writes about what he believes to be the destiny of the United States of America. He describes American equality and democracy and describes them as perfect. In the essay, O’Sullivan states: “For this blessed mission to the nations of the world, which are shut out from the life-giving light of truth, has America been chosen” (O’Sullivan). According to O’Sullivan, it is both God’s will to have America be an independent nation founded on democracy and equality, and it is also God’s expectation. O’Sullivan believes Americans would be committing a serious form of dishonor if they did not take it upon themselves to expand American territory and ideology as much as possible. Since God and God’s will are deemed much more important to Zionists and Americans who believe in American exceptionalism than human lives, the killing and displacement of Palestinians and Native Americans are seen as no more than necessary actions to bring their dreams of Zionism and manifest destiny into physical reality.

It is unfortunate the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe had to issue a statement claiming no stance on the experiences of the Palestinian people after one tribal citizen raised a Palestinian flag on their parade float. Since Native American communities still experience countless threats to their lives, culture, and longevity, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe had to prioritize their own survival over taking the opportunity to stand with Palestine. Since the United States has supported Israel throughout the genocide they’ve committed against Palestinians, it is difficult for a group as vulnerable as the Wampanoag to bring attention to themselves while they are still suffering from oppression and living inside the country’s racist and colonialist history.

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John Gast, American Progress, 1872.

It is important to explain the connection between Native Americans and Palestinians through shared indigeneity because Zionists have tried to create an argument around the idea of Jewish indigeneity in the land of Palestine. Both Jewish and Palestinian people have ancestral ties to the land, but the difference between them lies in Palestinian existence on the land for a much longer period than Jewish existence on the land. Furthermore, the Zionist decision to have Jewish people move to Palestine has been based since its inception in racism towards and oppression of Palestinian people. One example of an instance in which a Zionist person tried to use the argument of indigeneity to argue for Zionism is in the “What is Zionism? The Movement College Protesters Oppose, Explained” article from The Washington Post. The article explains how Shlomit Ravitsky Tur-Paz, who is the director of the Israel Democracy Institute’s Center for Shared Society and the leader of its Religion and State program, makes this argument in his defense of Zionism. The article quotes Tur-Paz as saying, in reference to Zionist movement of Jewish people to Palestine, “‘It was an anti-colonialist movement….It was saying: Give self-determination to the natives who were banished from this land many years ago’” (Boorstein & Gowen). The argument made in this quotation is both inaccurate and dangerous because people who read this article and do not understand Israel’s history of settler colonialism and racism could end up viewing Zionism in a positive light. It is therefore important to be fervent in talking about the connection between Native Americans and Palestinians through their shared fight against colonialism and oppression in order to prevent misinformation about Israel and Palestine.

Works Cited

Abed-Rabbo, Samir. “Herzl’s Zionism and Settler Colonialism in Palestine.” Arab Studies Quarterly, 19 Jan. 2024. JSTOR Journals, https://research.ebsco.com/c/jy6qsv/viewer/pdf/m5tuwf4j25.

Al-Shalchi, Hadeel. “A Grim Milestone: More than 40,000 People Have Been Killed in Gaza.” NPR, 16 Aug. 2024, www.npr.org/2024/08/16/nx-s1-5076931/a-grim-milestone-more-than-40-000-people-have-been-killed-in-gaza#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20Palestinians%20killed,according%20to%20the%20Israeli%20government.

Al-Shamahi, Aaya, and Habiba A. “October 7, One Year on: Israel’s Massacres in Gaza.” Middle East Eye, 7 Oct. 2024, www.middleeasteye.net/video/october-7-one-year-israels-massacres-gaza.

Aral, Berdal. “Israel’s Fateful March: From Settler Colonialism to Genocidal State.” Insight Turkey, 2023, https://research.ebsco.com/c/jy6qsv/viewer/pdf/y47fgvcwyz.

Boorstein, Michelle, and Annie Gowen. “What Is Zionism? The Movement College Protesters Oppose, Explained.” The Washington Post, 3 May 2024, www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/05/03/zionist-definition-explained-protests/.

Crowley, Kinsey. “The Pilgrims Didn’t Invite Native Americans to a Feast. Why the Thanksgiving Myth Matters.” USA Today, 22 Nov. 2023, www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/11/22/thanksgiving-story-native-american-history/71563811007/.

Farrar, Molly. “Mashpee Wampanoag Take ‘No Stance’ on Israel-Hamas Conflict after Palestinian Flag Raised on Their NYC Thanksgiving Parade Float.” Boston.com, 24 Nov. 2023, www.boston.com/news/local-news/2023/11/24/mashpee-wampanoag-israel-hamas-conflict-palestinian-flag-thanksgiving-parade/.

“HISTORY IS SERVED.” Chicago Tribune, 19 Aug. 2021, www.chicagotribune.com/1996/11/20/history-is-served/.

“International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, 29 November.” United Nations, 2024, www.un.org/en/observances/international-day-of-solidarity-with-the-palestinian-people/background#:~:text=The%20date%20of%2029%20November,known%20as%20the%20Partition%20Resolution.

“Native American Heritage Month Fun Facts.” United States Census Bureau, Oct. 2024, www.census.gov/programs-surveys/sis/resources/fun-facts/aian-month.html.

Ostler, Jeffrey, and Karl Jacoby. “After 1776: Native Nations, Settler Colonialism, and the Meaning of America.” Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 24, 2022, https://research.ebsco.com/c/jy6qsv/viewer/pdf/kiaabni5n5.

O’Sullivan, John. “The Great Nation of Futurity.” The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, Nov. 1839, https://www.shafr.org/assets/docs/Teaching/Classroom_Documents/OsullivanMD.pdf.

“Proclamation of Thanksgiving.” Edited by Roy Basler, Abraham Lincoln Online, 2018, www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/thanks.htm.

Schuessler, Jennifer. “What Is ‘Settler Colonialism’?” The New York Times, 22 Jan. 2024, www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/arts/what-is-settler-colonialism.html#:~:text=While%20uses%20differ%2C%20settler%20colonialism,status%20is%20enshrined%20in%20law.

Shah, Simmone. “Pro-Palestinian Protesters Demonstrate at Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade.” Time, 23 Nov. 2023, time.com/6339319/pro-palestinian-protesters-macys-thanksgiving-day-parade/.

“2009: Day after Thanksgiving Named Native American Heritage Day.” Native Voices, 2024, www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/597.html.

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